An engaging investigation of how 13 key Enlightenment figures shaped the concept of race, from the acclaimed author of Diderot and the Art of Thinking Freely.

Over the course of the 18th century, Christianity began to loosen its grip on the story of humankind. Yet centuries of xenophobia, religious intolerance, and proto-biological speculation were not cast aside. Instead, this raw material was increasingly reworked by secularly minded thinkers intent on redefining what it meant to be human. By 1800, Enlightenment naturalists and classifiers had sorted humanity into rigid racial categories for the first time in history.

Prize-winning biographer Andrew S. Curran retraces this misunderstood history through the lives and ideas of 13 pivotal figures. Moving from the gilded halls of Versailles to the slave plantations of the Caribbean, from the court of the Mughal Empire to the drawing rooms of Jefferson's Monticello, this sweeping narrative reveals how the Enlightenment's audacious quest for knowledge became entangled with systems of empire and oppression-while offering a bold new reassessment of the era's most celebrated luminaries.