Until the 19th century, women were regularly excluded from graduate education. This compelling book tells the story of Russian and German Jews who became the first female professionals in modern history. Hirsch details their childhoods, their schooling, and their experiences at German universities.

Until the 19th century, women were regularly excluded from graduate education. When this convention changed, it was largely thanks to Jewish women from Russia. Raised to be strong and independent, the daughters of Jewish businesswomen were able to utilize this cultural capital to fight their way into the universities of Switzerland and Germany. They became trailblazers, ensuring regular admission for women who followed their example. This book tells the story of Russian and German Jews who became the first female professionals in modern history. It describes their childhoods-whether in Berlin or in a Russian shtetl-their schooling, and their experiences at German universities. A final chapter traces their careers as the first female professionals and details how they were tragically destroyed by the Nazis.